{"id":4565,"date":"2018-07-18T08:30:28","date_gmt":"2018-07-17T22:30:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/?p=4565"},"modified":"2018-07-17T10:25:15","modified_gmt":"2018-07-17T00:25:15","slug":"there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\/","title":{"rendered":"There are more foreign firms than we think!"},"content":{"rendered":"

Conventions for how we define things are of fundamental importance. Sometimes, however, we forget to question these conventions. The case at hand is the definition of a \u2018foreign\u2019 firm. The standard is the IMF definition, where a firm is defined as foreign when a single direct investor, who is resident in another economy, owns 10% or more of the company\u2019s shares (IMF\u00a01993). The conventional use of the IMF definition across many fields has been to look at only direct ownership links, to the neglect of indirect links. Capturing indirect links is, after all, difficult. Nonetheless, this reliance on direct ownership links fails to capture the nature of our globalizing world, where indirect ownership is becoming ever more common.\u00a0\u00a0The\u00a02016 World Investment Report<\/em>\u00a0(UNCTAD 2016) documents how the ownership structure of some MNEs is characterised by considerable vertical depth \u2013 that is, multiple steps from the ultimate owner to the affiliate, across multiple borders.\u00a0Who is the ultimate owner can be not obvious.<\/p>\n

In recent work (McGaughey et al. 2018), we show there are many firms that are categorised as domestic under the IMF-based convention but that are, in fact, controlled by foreigners. The implications of such a mis-classification can be very important. In our work, we consider the search for productivity spillovers to domestic firms that arise from foreign presence.\u00a0\u00a0We argue that by relying almost exclusively on direct ownership measures of FDI, past empirical studies have stacked the cards against finding positive spillover effects.<\/p>\n

Please click here to read the full “There are more foreign firms than we think!<\/a>” article published at the Centre for Economic Policy Research, written by Griffith Asia Institute member, Professor Sara McGaughey and Professor Pascalis Raimondos, Queensland University of Technology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Conventions for how we define things are of fundamental importance. Sometimes, however, we forget to question these conventions. The case at hand is the definition of a \u2018foreign\u2019 firm. The standard is the IMF definition, where a firm is defined as foreign when a single direct investor, who is resident in another economy, owns 10% […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":4566,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[233],"tags":[803,348,399,804],"class_list":["post-4565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-feature-series","tag-foreign-investment","tag-international-business","tag-professor-sara-mcgaughey","tag-spillovers"],"acf":[],"modified_by":"Jill Moriarty","yoast_head":"\nThere are more foreign firms than we think! | Griffith Asia Insights<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Conventions for how we define things are of fundamental importance. 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The case at hand is the\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Griffith Asia Insights\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/griffithasiainstitute\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2018-07-17T22:30:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/blogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2018\/07\/foreign-investment-2-900x500.jpg?fit=900%2C500&ssl=1\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Jill Moriarty\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@GAIGriffith\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@GAIGriffith\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Jill Moriarty\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Jill Moriarty\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/82294f30aa8432b420ff192a85ca5394\"},\"headline\":\"There are more foreign firms than we think!\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-07-17T22:30:28+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":291,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2018\\\/07\\\/foreign-investment-2-900x500.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Foreign investment\",\"International business\",\"Professor Sara McGaughey\",\"Spillovers\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Feature series\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\\\/\",\"name\":\"There are more foreign firms than we think! | Griffith Asia Insights\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/there-are-more-foreign-firms-than-we-think\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\\\/asiainsights\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/2\\\/2018\\\/07\\\/foreign-investment-2-900x500.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2018-07-17T22:30:28+00:00\",\"description\":\"Conventions for how we define things are of fundamental importance. 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This strategy, called the \u2018dual-circulation\u2019 strategy, was proposed by President\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Business and innovation"","block_context":{"text":"Business and innovation","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/category\/business-and-innovation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Regional Outlook | Household consumption, domestic demand, and challenges to China\u2019s grand economic rebalancing","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/01\/socials-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/01\/socials-2.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/01\/socials-2.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/01\/socials-2.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5292,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/australia-should-brace-for-a-volatile-year-in-foreign-policy-in-2019\/","url_meta":{"origin":4565,"position":2},"title":"Australia should brace for a volatile year in foreign policy in 2019","author":"Griffith Asia Institute","date":"4 January 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"SUSAN HARRIS RIMMER | By the end of 2019 we should be able to assess how Australia is travelling with the grand plan laid out in the\u00a02017 Foreign Policy White Paper. In this, an election year, I examine the status of our most important international relationships. My verdict: decidedly shaky.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Feature series"","block_context":{"text":"Feature series","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/category\/publication\/feature-series\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/01\/foreign-policy-volatility-900x500.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/01\/foreign-policy-volatility-900x500.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/01\/foreign-policy-volatility-900x500.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/01\/foreign-policy-volatility-900x500.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":7611,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/covid-19-has-disrupted-data-collection-as-well\/","url_meta":{"origin":4565,"position":3},"title":"COVID-19 has disrupted data collection as well\u2026","author":"Griffith Asia Institute","date":"14 July 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"ANGELINE ROHOIA | Prior to COVID-19, gathering and compiling economic data was burdensome in the Solomon Islands. Coupled with the lack of political commitment to adequately resource national institutions responsible for collection and dissemination of economic data, the outbreak of COVID-19 and the scale down of the government\u2019s workforce to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Commentary"","block_context":{"text":"Commentary","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/category\/publication\/commentary\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Office empty due to COVID-19","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/pacific-covid-data-disruption-900x500-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/pacific-covid-data-disruption-900x500-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/pacific-covid-data-disruption-900x500-1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/pacific-covid-data-disruption-900x500-1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":11639,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/time-to-develop-an-asia-pacific-green-development-agenda\/","url_meta":{"origin":4565,"position":4},"title":"Time to develop an Asia-Pacific Green Development Agenda","author":"Griffith Asia Institute","date":"12 March 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"CHRISTOPH NEDOPIL,\u00a0DHRUBA PURKAYASTHA, HEMANT MALLYA, KAVITA VIJ, NITIN BASSI AND SHUVA RAHA | 50 MINUTE READ | Download PDF Introduction The green transition in Asia and the Pacific remains complex\u2014with high uncertainty in 2025 and the years to come. Yet, time is of the essence: according to the World Meteorological\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "GAPSO"","block_context":{"text":"GAPSO","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/category\/publication\/feature-series\/gapso\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Time to develop an Asia-Pacific Green Development Agenda","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/03\/Green-policy-brief-socials-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/03\/Green-policy-brief-socials-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/03\/Green-policy-brief-socials-1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/03\/Green-policy-brief-socials-1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":9979,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/why-did-papua-new-guinea-move-its-embassy-in-israel-to-jerusalem-from-economics-to-faith\/","url_meta":{"origin":4565,"position":5},"title":"Why did Papua New Guinea move its embassy in Israel to Jerusalem\u2014from economics to faith","author":"Griffith Asia Institute","date":"18 September 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"SEAN JACOBS\u00a0 |\u00a0 Papua New Guinea (PNG) has \u201caroused the ire\u201d\u2014in the words of its Opposition Leader\u2014of both Hamas and the Palestinian Authority by opening its Israeli Embassy in Jerusalem earlier this month. PNG\u2019s move has been labelled a \u201creprehensible decision,\u201d according to a Hamas spokesperson, while other Palestinian sources\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Pillar 3: Geopolitics and diplomacy"","block_context":{"text":"Pillar 3: Geopolitics and diplomacy","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/asiainsights\/category\/publication\/feature-series\/pacific-outlook-feature-series\/geopolitics-diplomacy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"PNG Prime Minister James Marape (left) greets Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem. 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