{"id":1419,"date":"2019-05-22T09:46:44","date_gmt":"2019-05-21T23:46:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/?p=1419"},"modified":"2022-07-15T13:33:52","modified_gmt":"2022-07-15T03:33:52","slug":"charging-the-christchurch-mosque-attacker-with-terrorism-could-be-risky-but-its-important-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2019\/05\/22\/charging-the-christchurch-mosque-attacker-with-terrorism-could-be-risky-but-its-important-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Charging the Christchurch mosque attacker with terrorism could be risky &#8211; but it&#8217;s important"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>By <a href=\"https:\/\/experts.griffith.edu.au\/8598-keiran-hardy\">Keiran Hardy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article was first published on<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image conversation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/charging-the-christchurch-mosque-attacker-with-terrorism-could-be-risky-but-its-important-117513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"24\" src=\"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/03\/logo-en-b3aa3999b752b6512967fe90aba32684-300x24.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-17\" srcset=\"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/03\/logo-en-b3aa3999b752b6512967fe90aba32684-300x24.png 300w, https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/03\/logo-en-b3aa3999b752b6512967fe90aba32684-768x61.png 768w, https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/03\/logo-en-b3aa3999b752b6512967fe90aba32684.png 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>On Tuesday, the gunman in the Christchurch mosque shootings was&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2019-05-21\/christchurch-attacks-accused-brenton-tarrant-facing-new-charges\/11134784\">charged with committing a terrorist act<\/a>. The new charge came more than two months after the massacre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The gunman, who the author and The Conversation have chosen not to name, had already faced 50 charges of murder and 40 charges of attempted murder stemming from the attacks. An additional murder charge was also brought on Tuesday, bringing the total to 51.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, why was the terrorism charge added at this later stage? And why is it significant?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Difficulties using the terrorism law<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The terrorism charge is unprecedented because the offence of committing a terrorist act has never been prosecuted successfully in New Zealand. The offence is found in&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.govt.nz\/act\/public\/2002\/0034\/43.0\/DLM1106564.html\">Section 6A<\/a>&nbsp;of the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002 (NZ), which was enacted by the New Zealand parliament in response to the 9\/11 terror attacks in the US.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The offence relies on a statutory definition of terrorism, which is found in&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.govt.nz\/act\/public\/2002\/0034\/43.0\/DLM152702.html\">Section 5<\/a>. To constitute a terrorist act, the conduct must include the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Adding this charge signals to the wider community that the massacre was an act of terrorism and will be punished as such. This may give victims, too, some degree of closure, if the offender is sent to prison for committing a terrorist act.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>be carried out for the purpose of advancing an ideological, political, or religious cause<\/li><li>be intended to induce terror in a civilian population, or to unduly compel or force a government or international organisation to do or abstain from doing any act<\/li><li>cause one in a list of specified harms, including death, serious bodily injury, a serious risk to health or safety, serious property damage, or serious interference with an infrastructure facility.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>On face value, it is clear the shootings at the two mosques in March, which left 51 people dead, amounted to terrorism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The delay in bringing the terrorism charge was likely due to the fact New Zealand police and prosecutors needed sufficient time to ensure they could prepare a successful case. The definition of terrorism creates additional hurdles compared to a murder charge, and New Zealand authorities have faced difficulties using the Terrorism Suppression Act in the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2007, for instance, New Zealand police arrested a group of environmental activists running military-style training camps in the Urewera forest on the eastern side of the North Island. The raids were known as \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MvsNbaukAVY\">Operation Eight<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No terrorism charges were brought in that case, even though there was&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/10\/22\/world\/asia\/22iht-nz.1.7995448.html\">evidence<\/a>&nbsp;that some members of the group intended to harm innocent people. The possibility of a terrorism charge was explored, but New Zealand\u2019s solicitor-general&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7084734.stm\">concluded<\/a>&nbsp;that the law was \u201cunnecessarily complex, incoherent, and \u2026 almost impossible to apply.\u201d Four of the 17 activists were eventually convicted of firearms offences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More recently, two other cases \u2013 one involving&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/business\/news\/article.cfm?c_id=3&amp;objectid=11414980\">letters laced with poison<\/a> and another involving the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/nz\/news\/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=11634785\">publication of jihadist material<\/a>&nbsp;\u2013 also could have been plausibly prosecuted as terrorism. However, likely&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www-tandfonline-com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1057610X.2017.1287501\">due to the solicitor-general\u2019s previous advice<\/a>, the offenders were charged instead with criminal blackmail and disseminating objectionable material (a charge commonly used for child pornography).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is not clear why the solicitor-general considered the terrorism law so difficult to apply after Operation Eight, as most of the evidence is not publicly available. The definition of terrorism is very similar to that found in Australia, as both laws are based on UK legislation. However, there is a greater focus in the New Zealand law on international terrorism conventions, which may make it&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbesadvocate.com.au\/story\/6146640\/terror-charge-laid-over-nz-mosque-attack\/\">harder to apply<\/a>&nbsp;to domestic acts of terrorism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More likely, it may have been difficult in that case to fit environmental activism within the definition of a political, religious or ideological motive because there is a presumption against legitimate protest falling within the law. In addition, there were significant&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/putatara.net\/2015\/10\/21\/failure-of-command\/\">concerns around police use of force and racial motives<\/a>&nbsp;against the mostly Maori offenders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prosecutors will not likely face the same difficulties in applying the terrorism laws to the Christchurch massacre, where the intention to cause harm and the attacker\u2019s motivations (as outlined in his manifesto) are obvious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the prosecution may still be risky if it&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rnz.co.nz\/national\/programmes\/morningreport\/audio\/2018696145\/terror-charge-for-christchurch-shooter-legal-analysis\">gives the gunman a platform<\/a>&nbsp;to espouse his extremist views. He would still be able to do this while facing a murder charge alone, but a terrorism trial will carry added weight and the prosecutors will need to admit evidence about his ideological motives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why is a terrorism charge important?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no added practical benefit to charging the gunman with terrorism in addition to murder. A maximum penalty of life imprisonment was already possible with the murder charges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the choice to bring a terrorism charge is not simply a practical one. The criminal law is said to have two purposes: a practical one (to put dangerous people in prison) and a moral one (to denounce conduct that is morally unacceptable).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adding this charge signals to the wider community that the massacre was an act of terrorism and will be punished as such. This may give victims, too, some degree of closure, if the offender is sent to prison for committing a terrorist act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Labels are also particularly important in this case given that it was an act of terrorism by a white supremacist against Muslim worshippers. Had prosecutors only pursued the murder charges, they may have been criticised for a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-hypocritical-media-coverage-of-the-new-zealand-terror-attacks-113713\">double standard<\/a>. Acts of violence by Islamist extremists are commonly treated as terrorism, even if they result in far fewer fatalities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, bringing a terrorism charge is a trade-off: there\u2019s a risk of giving the gunman a platform, but also a need to denounce the massacre for what it was \u2013 an act of terrorism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This charge sends a clear signal that political or religious violence against innocent people is abhorrent and will be punished as terrorism, no matter its colour or ideology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/117513\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Keiran Hardy This article was first published on On Tuesday, the gunman in the Christchurch mosque shootings was&nbsp;charged with committing a terrorist act. The new charge came more than two months after the massacre. The gunman, who the author and The Conversation have chosen not to name, had already faced 50 charges of murder<a href=\"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2019\/05\/22\/charging-the-christchurch-mosque-attacker-with-terrorism-could-be-risky-but-its-important-2\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"sr-only\">&#8220;Charging the Christchurch mosque attacker with terrorism could be risky &#8211; but it&#8217;s important&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":1603,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43,36,2],"tags":[18,9,12,26],"class_list":["post-1419","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-criminal-trials","category-prosecutions","category-spotlights","tag-counterterrorism","tag-criminal-trials","tag-mass-shootings","tag-prosecutions"],"acf":[],"modified_by":"Keiran Hardy","jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/05\/christchurch.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paNLK1-mT","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1979,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2019\/11\/04\/episode-6\/","url_meta":{"origin":1419,"position":0},"title":"A Matter of Crime, Episode 6: Wrongful convictions with Dr Rachel Dioso-Villa","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"November 4, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Wrongful convictions. It\u2019s the theme of many thriller movies and television shows, but is it a problem in Australia? Dr Rachel Dioso-Villa is one of Australia\u2019s leading researchers in this field, and a Senior Lecturer at the Griffith University School of Criminology and Criminal Justice. In this episode of A\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;podcasts&quot;","block_context":{"text":"podcasts","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/podcasts\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1445,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2016\/08\/30\/prosecuting-workplace-violence-the-utility-and-policy-implications-of-criminalisation-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":1419,"position":1},"title":"Prosecuting workplace violence: The utility and policy implications of criminalisation","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"August 30, 2016","format":false,"excerpt":"By Emily Schindeler and Janet Ransley Report to the Criminology Research Advisory Council Grant: CRG 31\/12-13 March 2016 Summary Workplace violence or bullying causing psycho-social injury is an emerging and serious problem in Australia and internationally. Annual costs of such injuries have been estimated to exceed 6 billion dollars. Responses\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;reports&quot;","block_context":{"text":"reports","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/reports\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-20-at-9.29.53-am.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-20-at-9.29.53-am.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-20-at-9.29.53-am.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-20-at-9.29.53-am.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/06\/Screen-Shot-2019-06-20-at-9.29.53-am.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1968,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2019\/11\/04\/australias-quest-for-national-security-is-undermining-the-courts-and-could-lead-to-secretive-trials\/","url_meta":{"origin":1419,"position":2},"title":"Australia&#8217;s quest for national security is undermining the courts and could lead to secretive trials","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"November 4, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"By Keiran Hardy This article was first published on In August, the intelligence officer known as Witness K indicated he would plead guilty to a conspiracy charge under section 39 of the\u00a0Intelligence Services Act. That section prohibits the disclosure of information acquired or prepared by the Australian Secret Intelligence Service\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;press freedom&quot;","block_context":{"text":"press freedom","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/posts\/press-freedom\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/11\/shutterstock_1529929907.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/11\/shutterstock_1529929907.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/11\/shutterstock_1529929907.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/11\/shutterstock_1529929907.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":3191,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2025\/05\/19\/from-fake-jobs-to-crypto-fraud-why-scam-gangs-in-southeast-asia-are-a-growing-global-threat\/","url_meta":{"origin":1419,"position":3},"title":"From fake jobs to crypto fraud &#8211; Why scam gangs in Southeast Asia are a growing global threat","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"May 19, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"By Dr Hai Thanh Luong From fake job offers to cryptocurrency fraud and online romance scams, Southeast Asia has become a global hub for transnational scam operations.\u00a0 These aren\u2019t isolated crimes, they are organised, cross-border and industrial-scale criminal enterprises that exploit vulnerable people and expose the limits of international law\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;crime prevention&quot;","block_context":{"text":"crime prevention","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/posts\/crime-prevention\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/05\/Transnational-scams-are-quickly-turning-into-a-global-crisis.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/05\/Transnational-scams-are-quickly-turning-into-a-global-crisis.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/05\/Transnational-scams-are-quickly-turning-into-a-global-crisis.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2025\/05\/Transnational-scams-are-quickly-turning-into-a-global-crisis.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2991,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2022\/12\/02\/australias-fight-against-corruption-risks-failure\/","url_meta":{"origin":1419,"position":4},"title":"Australia\u2019s fight against corruption risks failure","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"December 2, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"By Janet Ransley When fighting official corruption, prevention can be the cure. But what does that look like? Corruption is\u00a0costly, difficult to detect and it can take years to bring the perpetrators to justice \u2014 if they face court at all. 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