{"id":2572,"date":"2021-10-12T13:07:32","date_gmt":"2021-10-12T03:07:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/?p=2572"},"modified":"2022-08-03T19:43:41","modified_gmt":"2022-08-03T09:43:41","slug":"before-9-11-australia-had-no-counter-terrorism-laws-now-we-have-92-but-are-we-safer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2021\/10\/12\/before-9-11-australia-had-no-counter-terrorism-laws-now-we-have-92-but-are-we-safer\/","title":{"rendered":"Before 9\/11, Australia had no counter-terrorism laws, now we have 92 \u2014 but are we safer?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>By Rebecca Ananian-Welsh* and <a href=\"https:\/\/experts.griffith.edu.au\/8598-keiran-hardy\">Keira<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/experts.griffith.edu.au\/8598-keiran-hardy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">n<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/experts.griffith.edu.au\/8598-keiran-hardy\"> Hardy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"conversation\">This article first appeared on <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/before-9-11-australia-had-no-counter-terrorism-laws-now-we-have-92-but-are-we-safer-166273\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"80\" class=\"wp-image-17\" style=\"width: 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/03\/logo-en-b3aa3999b752b6512967fe90aba32684.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/03\/logo-en-b3aa3999b752b6512967fe90aba32684.png 1000w, https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/03\/logo-en-b3aa3999b752b6512967fe90aba32684-300x24.png 300w, https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/03\/logo-en-b3aa3999b752b6512967fe90aba32684-768x61.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p>Australia is a long way from New York and Washington DC, but the September 11 terror attacks had a profound impact on our country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Afghanistan and Iraq, we became embroiled in decades-long insurgencies. At home, the attacks had enduring impacts on our legal system. Before 9\/11 Australia had zero national counter-terrorism laws. Now, we have&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.getup.org.au\/2836-GetUp-Democracy-Dossier.pdf\">92 of them<\/a>, amounting to more than 5,000 pages of rules, powers and offences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These laws have reshaped ideas about criminal responsibility, set us apart from our closest allies, and strengthened a troubling culture of secrecy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But have they made us safer?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Unprecedented powers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>No other nation can match the volume of Australia\u2019s counter-terrorism laws. Their sheer scope is staggering. They include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ag.gov.au\/national-security\/australias-counter-terrorism-laws\/control-orders\">control orders<\/a>, which allow courts to impose a wide range of restrictions and obligations on people to prevent future wrongdoing. They can mandate curfews, limits on phone or internet usage and electronic monitoring<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ag.gov.au\/national-security\/australias-counter-terrorism-laws\/preventative-detention-orders\">preventative detention orders<\/a>, which allow police to detain people secretly for up to two weeks, either to prevent an attack or protect evidence relating to a recent one<\/li><li>mandatory retention of all Australians\u2019 metadata for two years and access by enforcement agencies&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/classic.austlii.edu.au\/au\/legis\/cth\/consol_act\/taaa1979410\/s178.html\">without a warrant<\/a><\/li><li>a power for the home affairs minister to&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www8.austlii.edu.au\/cgi-bin\/viewdoc\/au\/legis\/cth\/consol_act\/aca2007254\/s36b.html\">strip<\/a>&nbsp;dual citizens involved in terrorism of their Australian citizenship.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Many of these schemes are unprecedented in Australian law, outstripping even our historical&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.getup.org.au\/2836-GetUp-Democracy-Dossier.pdf\">wartime powers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2018Hyper-legislation\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Toronto University law professor Kent Roach, one of the world\u2019s leading experts on counter-terrorism laws, has labelled Australia\u2019s approach \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/911-effect\/8928404A0FEC0B2A22C7E3415272BBB6\">hyper-legislation<\/a>\u201d. This refers not only to the vast scope and number of laws, but also the speed with which they were passed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On average, it took around two and half days in the House of Representatives and two days in the Senate for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.getup.org.au\/2836-GetUp-Democracy-Dossier.pdf\">each law to be approved<\/a>. Those are very generous figures \u2014 they count the days bills were introduced into parliament, even if they weren\u2019t debated. The speed was fastest under the Howard government, when a new counter-terrorism law was passed on average&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/classic.austlii.edu.au\/au\/journals\/MelbULawRw\/2011\/38.html\">every 6.7 weeks<\/a>. But the trend has continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the end of last month,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/australia-news\/2021\/aug\/26\/tony-abbott-and-kevin-rudd-could-be-spied-on-by-asio-under-new-laws-heres-why\">two laws<\/a>&nbsp;containing extensive and highly controversial surveillance powers&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/politics\/federal\/police-powers-to-hack-and-disrupt-dark-web-pass-parliament-20210825-p58lsr.html\">sailed through federal parliament<\/a>&nbsp;with minimal scrutiny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A \u2018pre-crime\u2019 approach<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Counter-terrorism laws in Australia and elsewhere have reoriented the criminal justice system. Under wide-ranging offences, people can be imprisoned for harms they may cause in the future, rather than harms they have caused in the past.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This has been called a \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/classic.austlii.edu.au\/au\/journals\/PrecedentAULA\/2011\/4.pdf\">pre-crime<\/a>\u201d approach to criminal justice. As Justice Anthony Whealy&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.austlii.edu.au\/cgi-bin\/viewdoc\/au\/cases\/nsw\/NSWSC\/2010\/10.html\">said<\/a>&nbsp;when sentencing five terrorist offenders in 2010:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The legislation is designed to bite early, long before the preparatory acts mature into circumstances of deadly or dangerous consequence for the community.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The offence of&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www5.austlii.edu.au\/au\/legis\/cth\/consol_act\/cca1995115\/sch1.html\">preparing or planning<\/a>&nbsp;a terrorist act is the clearest example. An equivalent of this&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-09-04\/nz-needs-to-go-beyond-fast-tracking-counter-terrorism-laws\/100434754\">offence will now be introduced in New Zealand<\/a>&nbsp;following the recent terror attack in Auckland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This offence and many others trigger criminal responsibility much earlier than the ordinary criminal law (for example, it has never been a crime to prepare a murder or robbery).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A person convicted of a terrorism offence can even be&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/legislation.nsw.gov.au\/view\/html\/inforce\/current\/act-2017-068\">kept in prison<\/a>&nbsp;beyond their original sentence, possibly indefinitely, based on the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2021-02-10\/abdul-benbrika-sentence-upheld-by-high-court-keeping-him-in-jail\/13139440\">risk they still pose<\/a>&nbsp;to the community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Even tougher than our allies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Australia looked closely to the United Kingdom when designing our first counter-terrorism laws. On top of our close legal and political ties, this was because the UK had already enacted&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2000\/11\/contents\">counter-terrorism laws<\/a>\u2014based on previous emergency powers for Northern Ireland \u2014 before 9\/11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the years since, our laws have become more extreme, setting us apart from the UK and the rest of our \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawfareblog.com\/newly-disclosed-nsa-documents-shed-further-light-five-eyes-alliance\">Five Eyes<\/a>\u201d partners, the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Not only have \u201ctough on terror\u201d policies&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0004865819846944?af=R&amp;ai=1gvoi&amp;mi=3ricys\">played well with voters<\/a>&nbsp;here, Australia does not have a bill of rights. This means the government has been able to enact counter-terrorism laws that would not be possible elsewhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One example of this is the mandatory retention of all Australians\u2019 telecommunications metadata for&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/classic.austlii.edu.au\/au\/legis\/cth\/consol_act\/taaa1979410\/s187c.html\">two years<\/a>. The European Court of Human Rights&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A62012CJ0293\">held<\/a>&nbsp;that blanket retention for that time period infringed the basic right to privacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Other powers, such as preventative detention orders, would simply not be possible in countries with constitutional protection for human rights. The Council of Australian Governments\u2019 (COAG) 2013&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ag.gov.au\/national-security\/consultations\/coag-review-counter-terrorism-legislation\">review of counter-terrorism legislation<\/a>&nbsp;reported preventative detention orders were more likely to be seen in \u201cdiscredited totalitarian regimes\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2018The world\u2019s most secretive democracy\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Following the 2019 federal police&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2019-07-15\/abc-raids-australian-federal-police-press-freedom\/11309810\">raid<\/a>&nbsp;on ABC headquarters,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/06\/05\/world\/australia\/journalist-raids.html\">The New York Times suggested<\/a>: \u201cAustralia may well be the world\u2019s most secretive democracy\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Australia\u2019s counter-terrorism laws enable and entrench these high levels of secrecy. It is a crime to mention basic details about the use of many counter-terrorism powers \u2014 or even the&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www8.austlii.edu.au\/cgi-bin\/viewdoc\/au\/legis\/cth\/consol_act\/asioa1979472\/s34gf.html\">mere fact they were used<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sweeping espionage laws,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aph.gov.au\/Parliamentary_Business\/Bills_LEGislation\/Bills_Search_Results\/Result?bId=r6022\">overhauled in 2018<\/a>, make it a crime to possess or receive national security information where the information would be made available to a foreign government or company (including through publication in the media). The definition of \u201cnational security\u201d is exceptionally broad, extending to anything about Australia\u2019s political and economic relations with other countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These offences pose a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/law.uq.edu.au\/article\/2021\/03\/untested-espionage-laws-blast-chill-winds-through-news-publishing\">serious risk to journalists<\/a>&nbsp;and whistleblowers who act in the public interest. Criminal trials for these offences can be also&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/australias-quest-for-national-security-is-undermining-the-courts-and-could-lead-to-secretive-trials-122638\">held in secret<\/a>, undermining open justice and the right to a fair trial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Are we any safer?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Undoubtedly, some counter-terrorism laws have enhanced Australia\u2019s national security. But others have little, or no, proven effectiveness, despite their impact on fundamental rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, in 2012, former Independent National Security Legislation Monitor, Bret Walker SC,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.inslm.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/inslm-annual-report-2012.pdf\">found<\/a>&nbsp;control orders were<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>not effective, not appropriate and not necessary.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>This finding was based on classified submissions by police and security agencies. Despite this, in response to Islamic State, the federal government&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.aph.gov.au\/Parliamentary_Business\/Bills_LEGislation\/Bills_Search_Results\/Result?bId=s982\">expanded the grounds<\/a>&nbsp;for issuing control orders, and allowed them to be imposed on children&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2016\/11\/23\/australia-expands-control-orders-children\">as young as 14<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Both the independent monitor and the 2013&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ag.gov.au\/national-security\/publications\/final-report-coag-review-counter-terrorism-legislation\">COAG review<\/a>&nbsp;recommended the repeal of preventative detention orders. Police had not used them and said normal arrest powers would be&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ag.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-03\/Final%20Report.PDF\">more useful<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Undermining cohesion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These controversial powers might even harm our security over the long-term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Australia\u2019s Muslim communities have felt targeted by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/26338076211030955\">\u201caggressive\u201d counter-terrorism powers<\/a>. This leads to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/26338076211030955\">lower levels of trust<\/a>&nbsp;and makes communities less likely to cooperate with police. It also undermines the community cohesion that&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.livingsafetogether.gov.au\/\">countering violent extremism programs<\/a>&nbsp;are trying to build.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Undermining human rights to prevent terrorism can also&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2015-06-11\/terrorism-expert-says-death-cult-is-a-misnomer\/6539862\">fuel the grievances<\/a>&nbsp;that lead to radicalisation and recruitment. Back in 2004, a United Nations panel&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/ruleoflaw\/files\/gaA.59.565_En.pdf\">reported<\/a>&nbsp;terrorist recruitment thrives when human rights and democracy are lacking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ultimately, to reduce terrorism over the long-term, governments need to support greater investments and research into&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/icct.nl\/topic\/countering-violent-extremism\/\">countering violent extremism<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19434472.2018.1495661\">deradicalisation<\/a>&nbsp;programs. This is equally true for Islamist and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canberratimes.com.au\/story\/7269257\/ideologically-motivated-terror-now-taking-up-half-of-asio-work\/\">right-wing terrorism<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Security, but at what cost?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the past two decades, evolving terror threats have exposed gaps in our laws that needed to be filled. But many of the laws we ended up with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/australia-doesnt-need-more-anti-terror-laws-that-arent-necessary-or-even-used-138827\">go beyond what is needed<\/a>&nbsp;to prevent terrorism effectively. They also undermine core values and principles such as the rights to liberty, freedom of speech and freedom of the press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These values must not be lost in the pursuit of national security. Indeed, upholding them is an&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/documents\/publications\/factsheet32en.pdf\">essential part<\/a>&nbsp;of any counter-terrorism strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These lessons have been known for a long time. As then UN secretary-general&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/sg\/en\/content\/sg\/speeches\/2005-03-10\/kofi-annan%E2%80%99s-keynote-address-closing-plenary-international-summit\">Kofi Annan<\/a>&nbsp;said in 2005, when remembering victims of terrorism since 9\/11:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>compromising human rights cannot serve the struggle against terrorism. On the contrary, it facilitates achievement of the terrorist\u2019s objective.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>*Rebecca Ananian-Welsh is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law<\/p>\n\n\n\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.com\/content\/166273\/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced\" alt=\"The Conversation\" style=\"border: none !important;margin: 0 !important;max-height: 1px !important;max-width: 1px !important;min-height: 1px !important;min-width: 1px !important;padding: 0 !important\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Rebecca Ananian-Welsh* and Keiran Hardy This article first appeared on Australia is a long way from New York and Washington DC, but the September 11 terror attacks had a profound impact on our country. In Afghanistan and Iraq, we became embroiled in decades-long insurgencies. At home, the attacks had enduring impacts on our legal<a href=\"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2021\/10\/12\/before-9-11-australia-had-no-counter-terrorism-laws-now-we-have-92-but-are-we-safer\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"sr-only\">&#8220;Before 9\/11, Australia had no counter-terrorism laws, now we have 92 \u2014 but are we safer?&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":2573,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[41,116,2,88],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2572","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-counterterrorism","category-freedom-of-speech","category-spotlights","category-terrorism"],"acf":[],"modified_by":"Keiran Hardy","jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-12-at-1.06.43-pm.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/paNLK1-Fu","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":2998,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2022\/12\/12\/does-australia-need-new-laws-to-combat-right-wing-extremism\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":0},"title":"Does Australia need new laws to combat right-wing extremism?","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"December 12, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"By Keiran Hardy This article was first published on At the\u00a0National Press Club\u00a0this week, Home Affairs Minister Clare O\u2019Neil flagged that Labor would propose\u00a0changes to Australia\u2019s counter-terrorism laws. She cited an increase in diverse threats beyond religious fundamentalism, a trend towards lone-actor, low-sophistication attacks, and more\u00a0younger people being radicalised. Specifically,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;radicalisation&quot;","block_context":{"text":"radicalisation","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/posts\/radicalisation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2022\/12\/shutterstock_1275514903.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2022\/12\/shutterstock_1275514903.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2022\/12\/shutterstock_1275514903.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2022\/12\/shutterstock_1275514903.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2373,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2020\/05\/20\/australia-doesnt-need-more-anti-terror-laws-that-arent-necessary-or-even-used\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":1},"title":"Australia doesn\u2019t need more anti-terror laws that aren\u2019t necessary \u2013 or even used","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"May 20, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"By Keiran Hardy This spotlight was first published on Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton\u00a0has introduced a new bill\u00a0that will amend the controversial questioning and detention powers held by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO). While some changes are welcome, others are a cause for concern. One major change is that\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;counterterrorism&quot;","block_context":{"text":"counterterrorism","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/posts\/counterterrorism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_418166884-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_418166884-1.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_418166884-1.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2020\/05\/shutterstock_418166884-1.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1627,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2019\/09\/02\/episode-2-how-do-we-reduce-the-risk-of-terrorism\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":2},"title":"A Matter of Crime, Episode 2: How do we reduce the risk of terrorism?","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"September 2, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"It's one of society's great conundrums, how best to counter violent extremism, that has become a part of modern life. In this episode, we speak to one of Australia's leading researchers into how to best reduce the risk of terrorism, Griffith University Criminology Institute Postdoctoral Research Fellow Dr Keiran Hardy.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;countering violent extremism&quot;","block_context":{"text":"countering violent extremism","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/posts\/countering-violent-extremism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/Group2.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1916,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2019\/09\/05\/exploring-the-relationship-between-social-identity-perceptions-of-threat-and-support-for-punitive-counter-terrorism-policies\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":3},"title":"Social identity, threat perceptions, and support for counter-terrorism policies","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"September 5, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"By Harley Williamson This brief is based on the following paper: Williamson, H. (2019). Pride and prejudice: Exploring how identity processes shape public attitudes towards Australian counter-terrorism measures. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, pp. 1-20. What problem does your research address? This research sought to answer the following\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"briefs","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/briefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/shutterstock_263090648.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/shutterstock_263090648.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/shutterstock_263090648.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/09\/shutterstock_263090648.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":113,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2019\/06\/14\/crime-prevention-and-countering-violent-extremism\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":4},"title":"Crime prevention and countering violent extremism","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"June 14, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"By Keiran Hardy This brief is based on the following paper: Hardy, K. (2020). A crime prevention framework for CVE. Terrorism and Political Violence, https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09546553.2020.1727450 What problem does your research address? Programs for countering violent extremism (CVE) have become a core component of national counter-terrorism strategies, but there is a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;briefs&quot;","block_context":{"text":"briefs","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/briefs\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/06\/stock3.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/06\/stock3.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/06\/stock3.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/06\/stock3.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1419,"url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/2019\/05\/22\/charging-the-christchurch-mosque-attacker-with-terrorism-could-be-risky-but-its-important-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":2572,"position":5},"title":"Charging the Christchurch mosque attacker with terrorism could be risky &#8211; but it&#8217;s important","author":"Keiran Hardy","date":"May 22, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"By Keiran Hardy This article was first published on On Tuesday, the gunman in the Christchurch mosque shootings was\u00a0charged with committing a terrorist act. The new charge came more than two months after the massacre. The gunman, who the author and The Conversation have chosen not to name, had already\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;criminal trials&quot;","block_context":{"text":"criminal trials","link":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/category\/posts\/criminal-trials\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/05\/christchurch.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/05\/christchurch.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/05\/christchurch.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/05\/christchurch.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/05\/christchurch.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2019\/05\/christchurch.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]}],"featured_image_thumbnail_url":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/2021\/10\/Screen-Shot-2021-10-12-at-1.06.43-pm.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2572","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2572"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2572\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2573"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2572"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2572"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testblogs.griffith.edu.au\/gci-insights\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2572"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}